Blunt Nosed Leopard Lizard Recovery Plan (Brent Gambetta)

http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/pages/g.sila.html

Blunt Nosed Leopard Lizard

(Gambelia Sila)

By: Brent Gambetta

Facts

Taxonomy                                                                              Family:            Crotaphytidae

Crotaphytus silus (1980)                                                         Genus:             Gambelia

changed to Gambelia Sila (1993)                                           Size:  Males: up to 14”

Average Life Span:  2yrs (5yrs record)                                            Females: up to 12”

Habitat: Likes to live in areas with underground burrows caused by rodents in grasslands and alkali flats that are semi-arid and lacking vegetation.

Preferred Meal: Mainly Insects (Grasshoppers, Crickets, Moths, Ants, Beetles, and Bees) and occasionally eat other lizards (usually smaller then themselves.) Whichever of these they can find first is what is on the menu.

Brumation: A winter hibernation that results in inactivity due to changes biochemically that lowers blood pressure and respiration rate. Starts in Winter and ends in early April just before reproduction begins.

Breeding: Starts in April and goes until June. Females lay between one and six eggs in a given batch per year which is thought to be based on the body size of the female at that given time. Then two months later the young hatch from the eggs.

http://esrp.csustan.edu/publications/pubhtml.php?doc=sjvrp&file=chapter02K00.html

Distribution: Though the boundaries of which the Blunt Nosed Leopard Lizard are for the most part unknown, historically they have been known to be endemic to the San Joaquin Valley. For the most part they are only found below 800 meters in elevation and tend to hang around the foothills and valley floor. As of this point in time there is no current population that has been recorded or estimated.

Social Behavior: Blunt Nose Leopard Lizards are highly territorial and tend to establish areas that they maintain especially during breeding season.

                                  http://www.flickriver.com/groups/crotaphytus/pool/random/

Predators: There are very many predators of the Blunt Nose Leopard Lizard that are mainly looking to eat them if they happen to come across one another’s paths. These predators vary from whip snakes, gopher snakes, western rattle snakes, king snakes, burring owls, road runners, and California Ground Squirrels. To top it off they also tend to fall victim to mites and nematodes.

Decline: For the most part the major cause of decline is caused by the destruction caused by agricultural practices to the Blunt Nose Leopard Lizards habitat due to pesticide applications, off road vehicles and the harvesting of petroleum and mineral extraction. This threat to destroy their habitats leave them not only without a home but cause fragmentation between habitat areas.

Recovery Plan Summary: The end goal in trying to bring these lizards back from endangerment is focused around the preservation and conservation of the current living habitats that are left for these little fellows. The monitoring of how land is used and being handled is being looked at under constant regulation making sure that things are being done in a way that will not disrupt or worsen the current existing population of Blunt Nose Leopard Lizards while trying to maintain the natural habitat without interference of domestic livestock coming in and eating all of the native vegetation which these lizards like to choose hide themselves in times of cover. As things move forward hopefully the monitoring of agriculture practices and uses will continue to be regulated making sure that things are done in a proper and beneficial way to the surrounding habitat and wildlife that chose to call surrounding area home in the San Joaquin.

                                                                       

References

All information has been gathered from the following websites here are the citations given by these sites

Literature Citation:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Recovery plan for upland species of the San Joaquin Valley, California. Region 1, Portland, OR. 319 pp.

http://www.arkive.org/blunt-nosed-leopard-lizard/gambelia-sila/

http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/pages/g.sila.html

1.      

IUCN Red List (August, 2011)
http://www.iucnredlist.org/

2.       Germano, D.J. and Williams, D.F. (2005) Population ecology of blunt-nosed leopard lizards in high elevation foothill habitat. Journal of Herpetology, 39(1): 1-18.

3.       CaliforniaHerps - Gambelia sila (August, 2011)
http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/pages/g.sila.html

4.       Stebbins, R.C. (2003) A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.

5.       U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (1998) Recovery Plan for Upland Species of the San Joaquin Valley, California. Portland, USA. Available at:
http://esrp.csustan.edu/publications/pubhtml.php?doc=sjvrp&file=chapter02K00.html

6.       Germano, D.J. and Williams, D.F. (2007) Ontogenetic and seasonal changes in coloration of the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). The Southwestern Naturalist, 52(1): 46-53.

7.       Montanucci, R.R. (1965) Observations on the San Joaquin leopard lizard, Crotaphytus wislizenii silusStejneger. Herpetologica, 21: 270-283.

8.       Germano, D.J., Smith, P.T. and Tabor, S.P. (2007) Food habits of the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). The Southwestern Naturalist, 52(2): 318-323.

9.       California State University: San Joaquin Valley Endangered Species Recovery Program (August, 2011)
http://esrp.csustan.edu/

13. http://www.arkive.org/blunt-nosed-leopard-lizard/gambelia-sila/

http://www.californiaherps.com/lizards/pages/g.sila.html

The Road to Recovery: Southern Resident Killer Whale (Nick Fiore)

Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus Orca)

By, Nick Fiore

http://www.daserste.de/information/wissen-kultur/w-wie-wissen/sendung/orcas-102.html

Description

              The southern resident killer whales are part of the dolphin family Delphinidae.  They are the largest dolphins in the world and are surprisingly not actually whales.  The name “killer whale” is from early whalers who hunted these mammals.  Many people today prefer the name “orca”. The term “southern resident” refers to three pods (about 80 individuals) of orcas that move between the Queen Charlotte Islands in Canada to Central California.  Males grow up to 9 meters long and weigh up to 5,568 kg while females grow up to 7.7 meters long and weigh up to 3,810 kg.  This size difference between the sexes is known as dimorphism.  Killer whales are black and white in color with unique dorsal fins which are used to distinguish some individual whales from others.

http://whaleopedia.org/oceanic-dolphins/killer-whale/

Ecology

            Southern resident killer whales stay close to the western coast of North America.  The map below displays their territory in relation to the northern resident pods.  Orcas in general prefer near-shore environments, usually at higher latitudes, with high marine productivity.  Southern resident killer whales’ diets are made up of 97% salmon and 3% other fish.  This heavy preference and reliance on salmon is unique to northern pacific orcas and earned them the nickname of “fish-eating orcas”. 

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/whale_killer.pdf

Geographic and Population Changes

            While the geography of the southern resident killer whales has remained constant in the area discussed in the section above, the population has fluctuated.  The killer whale recovery plan displays the following graph.  Here you can see the changes in killer whale populations from 1960 to 2007.  This graph is important because it displays the dip in orca population from 1996 to 2001 was about 20 whales or 20% of the population.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/whale_killer.pdf

Listing Date and Type of Listing

In the previous section I noted that killer whales dropped in population by 20% from 1996 to 2001.  Not-so-coincidentally, in 2001 a petition for listing under the Endangered Species Act for the southern resident killer whales was issued.  However, it wasn’t until November 18^th, 2005 when the Killer whale was officially placed upon the Endangered Species List. 

http://www.oocities.org/orcasforever3/OrcaFood.html

Cause of listing and Main threats to its existence

            The 20% drop in population is the cause of listing for this Killer whale.  There is no singular factor that caused this population drop but rather an accumulation of issues.  The recovery plan lists decreases in prey availability and increases in pollution, vessel effects and acoustic effects as potential reasons for the population drop.  Since the Southern Resident Killer whales rely almost exclusively on salmon diet, a drop in salmon population in the Pacific Northwest could be devastating.  Another threat to the Killer whale’s existence is its k-selected reproduction and low population numbers.  When the population size is so low, the survival of every member is important to keep a healthy population. 

http://www.kayakingtours.com/orca-tours/kayaking-killer-whales.htm

Recovery Plan

            The recovery plan for killer whales is to target threats to their existence and reduce the chances of those threats taking any toll on the orca populations.  By working with salmon restoration projects in the Pacific Northwest, salmon populations can remain adequate for the killer whales.  Environmental clean ups of contaminated sites will curb the potential hazards of pollution.  Increasing the need for regulations of vessel activity around orcas will reduce noise pollution and the disturbance and stress boats can put upon them if they follow them around.  Another step in the recovery program is education and outreach.  This section intends to increase public awareness to the endangered state of the killer whales.  

            The end goal for the Southern Resident Killer whales is to restore the population to the point that they don’t need ESA protection and they can be delisted.  This end goal will be reached “when the Southern Resident killer whales have sustained an average growth of 2.3% per year for 28 years”.  This process is estimated to cost nearly $50 million over the course of 28 years.  The road to recovery and stabilization for the Southern Resident killer whale is underway and hopefully leading towards a successful delisting of a unique and majestic animal.  

http://www.sheknows.com/pets-and-animals/articles/969897/shouka-the-killer-whale-10-years-without-another-orca

References

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/whale_killer.pdf

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15421/0

The Fresno Kangaroo Rat by Sara Grunwald

The Fresno Kangaroo Rat

Sara Grunwald

Description and Ecology

The Fresno Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys Nitratoides Exilis) is a sub-species of the San Joaquin Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys merriami), a small rodent adapted for survival in an arid environment. It is so named for its kangaroo-like hind limbs that allow it to jump up to six feet at a time. It also has a long, tufted tail, a shortened neck, and a large head. Its large eyes and small, rounded ears help it to maneuver at night, since it is a nocturnal forager. It mostly consumes seeds, grasses, and wild oats. Like a kangaroo, the kangaroo rats have pouches, but theirs are fur-lined and in their cheeks, to collect and carry seeds. The Fresno kangaroo rat differs from other types of kangaroo rats by having only four toes on its hind feet, instead of five. It is also the smallest of the species, measuring around nine inches.

Geographic and Population Changes

The kangaroo rat is found in the deserts of California, and the Fresno kangaroo rat was once found near Fresno, California, and in the surrounding counties of Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Merced, Stanislaus, and Tulare.  However, according to a 2010 survey, over 80 percent of the suitable habitat for Fresno kangaroo rats has been lost to agriculture and development. Unfortunately, one of the only places a kangaroo rat population has been found in this area in recent years is at the Lemoore Naval Air Station, the historic southern boundary for the Fresno kangaroo rat.

Listing Date and Type of Listing

On September 30, 1998, the Fresno Kangaroo Rat was listed as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act. In February 2010, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service evaluated its status, and found it to be still endangered, and perhaps even worse off than it had been in 1998.

Cause of listing and Main threats to its continued existence

The Fresno Kangaroo Rat is threatened by degradation to its habitat mostly through conversion of existing habitat to agriculture, as well as water banking projects and development. It is also threatened by the buildup of inedible and inhospitable vegetation and thatch on preserved lands. The livable spaces left are fragmented and isolated, which diminishes the size and quality of available habitat. Other threats are the illegal use of rodenticides, the prolonged drought, competition with other sub-species of kangaroo rats, and disease and predation, any of which could eliminate small, isolated populations.

Description of Recovery Plan

To help save the Fresno Kangaroo Rat, we must complete the following:

1.       Locate and identify isolated populations

2.       Determine the size of the population, and, if under-populated, consider captive breeding as a recovery option

3.       Protect their current habitats, and restore additional habitats

4.       De-fragment patches of habitat as much as possible

5.       Manage habitat as needed


Works Cited

http://www.cvw14.navy.mil/sponsorship.htm

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc3214.pdf

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/980930a.pdf

http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile?spcode=A08O

http://www.asktheexterminator.com/rats/Kangaroo_Rats_printer.shtml

http://esrp.csustan.edu/speciesprofiles/profile.php?sp=dinie
http://www.flashreport.org/blog/2009/12/14/pacific-legal-foundation-vs-the-u-s-govt-love-affair-with-the-kangaroo-rat/

The California Frog that was caught Red-legged. (Jeff Hadley)

(Picture: http://lpfw.org/our-region/wildlife/california-red-legged-frog/)

CALIFORNIA RED-LEGGED FROG

(Rana aurora draytonii)

Jeff Hadley

6/7/15

http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/r.draytonii.html

The California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) is a subspecies of the Red-legged frog that is endemic to California and Baja California.* It is the largest native frog in the Western United States and is currently found from Marin County, CA to some parts of northern Baja California, Mexico. It is listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act with a recovery plan that was published in 2002.* The following page will introduce the California Red-legged Frog, describe its characteristics and habitat as well as summarize the Recovery Plan for this species.

                                    Description and Ecology                               

                  Coastal Drainage Habitat, SLO Connty          

(Pic: http://www.californiaherps.com)

The California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii) is one of two subspecies of the Red-legged Frog, the other being the Northern Red-Legged frog which is similar to the California Red-legged Frog except they are smaller in size and have slightly different behavioral characteristics. The California Red-legged frog is the largest frog in the Western United States with a body size that can be up to 5.4 inches in females and 4.5 inches in males.* Other discernible characteristics of adults include red to salmon colored lower abdomen and hind legs, a back that has small dark spots and larger, more irregular dark blotches with blurry outlines. Two Dorsolateral folds (ridges of skin on the frog’s back) can be easily spotted on California Red-legged Frogs.*  Their main skin color varies greatly and can be brown, gray, olive or reddish-brown.* As shown in the two pictures at the top of the page, two California Red-legged Frogs may be colored very differently. These frogs breed between November to early-April and females lay their egg masses on emergent vegetation so that the egg masses will float on the water. The California Red-Legged Frog requires a Mediterranean Climate which provides temporal and spatial changes of habitat, and tends to use a mixture of aquatic, riparian and upland habitats.* These can include coastal drainages (found here in SLO County), ponds (natural & artificial), streams, aqueducts, marshes and other aquatic habitats. 

                Geographical Range: Current and Historical                

(Map: http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs/maps )

The current geographical range of the California Red-legged Frog is from as far north as Point Reyes National Seashore in Marin County, CA to as far south as some Northern areas of Baja California, Mexico. They also can be found in isolated drainages of the Sierra Nevada’s, Transverse Ranges and the Northern Coast.* Their elevation range is from near sea-level up to 5,000 ft. above sea-level, however almost all sightings have occurred below 3500 ft.* The California Red-legged Frog has been extirpated from an astonishing 70% of its former range.* It is now limited to almost exclusively Central California coastal drainages.

http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/020528.pdf

Historically their range was much greater, covering most of California’s coast north to the Point Reyes area, inland to Redding, and all the way south to Northwestern Baja California. The map above represents the current range of California Red-legged Frog (Orange) as well as the Northern Red-legged Frog (Red) and the small area their two ranges overlap (purple). The Chart to the right shows the number of streams per county where the California Red-legged Frog is present as of 2001. 

                      ESA Listing Date and Type of Listing                    

(Pic: http://www.californiaherps.com/frogs )

In 1996 the California Red-legged Frog was listed as a threatened species under the ESA, with a recovery priority number of 6C, meaning it is a subspecies with high threats and low recovery potential.* The recovery plan for the California Red-legged frog was publish by Region 1 of The U.S Fish and Wildlife Service on May 28^th, 2002. 

Cause of Listing & Main Threats to Continued Existence

Although the main cause for the decline of the California Red-legged Frog varies from population to population given geographic location, the following factors have contributed to the listing of the California Red-legged Frog:*

• Degradation, fragmentation and loss of Habitat due to:
• Agriculture
• Urbanization
• Mining
• Overgrazing
• Recreation (Hiking, Biking, OHV, Fishing, etc)
• Timber Harvesting
• Non-native Plant Species (degrade habitat through infestation)
• Reduced Water Quality (Pesticides and other chemicals)
• Invasive Predator Species (Intentionally and Unintentionally Introduced)
• Drought – The recent drought has been detrimental to certain isolated communities where habitat has dried up and habitat fragmentation has resulted in no re-colonization from neighboring communities.  

Threats to California Red-legged Frogs and their recovery status per recovery unit.
Taken from the California Red-legged Frog Recovery Plan
http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/020528.pdf

California Red-legged Frogs in San Luis Obispo County are most affected by activities such as agriculture, live-stock grazing, recreational activities, urbanization and water management. However, the Central Coast still has a High recovery status meaning there are “many existing populations and many areas of high habitat suitability.”*

                               Summary of Recovery Plan                              

The ultimate goal of this Recovery Plan is to de-list the California Red-legged frog which will occur when their is suitable habitat in all core areas, existing populations are stable and geographically spread throughout their range, the subspecies is successful at reestablishing currently uninhabited core areas, and further research to connect these core areas is done. Means and methods used to accomplish this will differ between geographic locations, so the geographical range of the California Red-legged Frog has been separated into 8 Recovery Units, which can be seen in the map below. From these units, 35 Core Areas were established where rehabilitation efforts will be focused. Preservation of suitable habitat will lead to a high chance of stable frog populations for future generations. 

Taken From the ESA Recovery Plan
http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/020528.pdf

The most applicable Core Areas for us are 22 & 23, Estero Bay and Arroyo Grande Creek. Both of these Core Areas are located within SLO County, giving us legitimate reason to be aware of what we can do to help. The main strategies for recovery include reducing threats to protect current populations, restoring and creating suitable habitat, monitoring existing populations, and reestablish the subspecies to it's historic range.* Individually, we may not be able to complete all these activities, however we do have a moral responsibility to help protect and provide habitat for all endangered species to ensure that our children and children's children will be able to enjoy nature's wonders as we have. 

                                                                                                                                                                   

*References: 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Recovery Plan for the California Red-legged Frog (Rana aurora draytonii). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. viii + 173 pp.

                                                                                                                                                                   

Thanks for Reading!

San Joaquin Kit Fox (Blake Faris)

San Joaquin Kit Fox

Vulpes macrotis mutica

Blake Faris

BIO 227

ENDANGERED 
Listed: 3/11/1967

http://faculty.ucr.edu/~chappell/INW/mammals/kitfox.shtml 

 Description and Ecology

The San Joaquin Kit fox is about 20in long (about the size of the average household cat). They are complete with big ears and long bushy tails.They have a very distinct coat color of grey and yellow.

They prey most prominently on smaller animals such as mice, kangaroo rats, bird, lizards. Basically it will eat anything small enough to fix in its mouth. Kit foxes are notoriously nocturnal and nomadic animals, changing locations whenever it is most convenient for them. They primary take the leftover dens from other animals but with occasionally use man made objects such as drainage pipes which work just as well. They take advance of the grassland and scrub of the 

Fun Facts:

-Kit foxes do not need to drink water since their prey provides enough liquid for them to survive.

-Adult pairs stay together all year

-Kit fox parents will care for their pups until they are able to find food for themselves, at about 4-5 months old.
http://www.defenders.org/san-joaquin-kit-fox/basic-facts http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es_kids/San-Joaquin-Kit-Fox/es_kids_san-joaquin-kit-fox.htm

                                           

                                                                                                                                        

                                                            

                                                                                                                                                     https://www.flickr.com/photos/donaldquintana/14045709884 

Geographic and Population changes

Unfortunately the San Joaquin kit fox is endemic to the San Joaquin valley and a few neighboring valleys. By 2004 over 70% of natural habitat for the kit foxes in this area has been converted to agricultural lands. This greatly reduced the population of these endemic animals. A once booming community has dwindled to little to no more than 7000 individuals. Not to mention the remaining habitat suitable for the kit foxes is about 80% privately owned."Prior to 1930, kit foxes inhabited most of the San Joaquin Valley’ from southern Kern County’ north to Tracy’, San Joaquin County, on the w’esm side, and near La Grange, Stanislaus County, on the eastside"(http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/Assets/PL/Optisolar-Topaz+Solar+Farm/Documents/Johnston+Strobridge+Exhibits/Exhibit+06.pdf)
http://www.canids.org/CBC/16/san_joaquin_kit_fox_habitat_suitability.pdf

http://esrp.csustan.edu/gis/ 

Listing Date and Type of Listing

The San Joaquin kit fox was listed as endangered on March 11th 1967 as is currently classified as endangered. The recovery plan for Upland Species of the San Joaquin Valley was published on September 30th 1998. They are being increasingly more sought after in terms of conservation due to the fact that they are now considered a "umbrella species" so helping this animal with benefit the other native wildlife.

Cause of Listing and Main Threats to its Continued Existence

The list of reasons why the SJ kit fox is threatened is increasingly overwhelming. Without the direct influence from human, naturally the SJ kit foxes population fluctuate with the amount of rainfall, no naturally it doesn't help that we are currently in a drought. They also have natural predators in the form of coyotes, red foxes (non-native) and varies raptors. Now throw the increased amount of development via agriculture as well as housing and it is becoming increasingly difficult to find a mate, not to mention the risk of injury and death from people, poison and cars to name a few.

http://www.defenders.org/san-joaquin-kit-fox/basic-facts 

Summary of Recovery Plan 

There are current efforts being made to secure a 60000 acres of land for the protection of the kit foxes as well other native species.they have evaluated habitat enhancement, kit fox relocation, supplemental feeding, and coyote control as means of enhancing the kit foxes recovery. There has been a huge change in population decreases due to the lack of use of rodenticides issued by the government. This reduces the direct mortality rate.

http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/Assets/PL/Optisolar-Topaz+Solar+Farm/Documents/Johnston+Strobridge+Exhibits/Exhibit+06.pdf

                                                                

                                                                                                                                                http://www.bakersfieldnow.com/news/local/Photos-Endangered-kit-                                                                                                                                                                       foxes-thrive-in-Bakersfield-169534646.html

Camel Curse: Is The Wild Bactrian Camel Doomed? By Kally Gaughan

Summary and Geographic Changes

Figure 1

The wild Bactrian camel is found in fragmented populations in northwest China and southwest Mongolia (figure 1). Temperatures in the home range of this species range from +100 ° F in the summer to -20 °F in the winter. This two-humped camel is highly adapted to the minimal water and vegetation provided by the harsh Gobi Desert.  When they have access to a water source they can drink up to 57 liters at one time, which is almost 30 times more than how much a human drinks in a day! That’s not all that’s impressive about Wild Bactrian Camels; they produce a protein in their milk that may be used to treat diabetes in humans, and they’re the only land mammals that can drink salty or brackish water without getting sick. Wild camels and their relatives differ from all other mammals because they have oval-shaped red blood cells instead of circular red blood cells. They also eat thorns and dry, salty plants, which other herbivores avoid.

Figure 2

Listing Date: June 14^th, 1976

Listing Status: Endangered

Population, Cause of Listing, And Main Threats

Numbers of wild camels are dwindling with the current estimate being under 1,000 left (enough to fit on a football field!) Highly adapted to the extreme deserts of Central Asia, their decline is an indicator of the decline of the entire Great Gobi Ecosystem. There is decline in Camelus ferus (Figure 2) because of hybridization with domestic, genetically dissimilar, camels. They are the targets of hunting because they compete with domestic camels or water and grazing pastures. Also, desertification’s devastating effects on habitat reduce water points, which drive Gray Wolves to increase their predation of Wild Bactrian Camels. This activity is concentrated at the remaining water points in the area.

Recovery Plan

The goal is to enforce protection of the wild Bactrian camel's habitat in Great Gobi A Special Protected Area, Mongolia, and work with local communities to reduce their impact on wild camels and their habitat. We are in the process of learning more about wild camels and protecting them through patrol-based monitoring and satellite technology. Also, we can address disease transmission and hybridization with domestic camels by helping local communities to improve the health and management of domestic camels. Increasing awareness and engagement at the local, national and international level to drive home the wild camel’s status as a flagship for one of the world’s last great wildernesses and ensure support for conservation efforts. 

References

"Bactrian Camel (Camelus Ferus)." EDGE of Existence. ZSL Living Conservation, n.d. Web. 31

May 2015.

"Bactrian Camels, Bactrian Camel Pictures, Bactrian Camel Facts - National Geographic."

National Geographic. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 May 2015.

"Protecting the Last Wild Camels and Their Habitat." Save Our Species. N.p., n.d. Web. 31

May 2015.

"Species Profile for Bactrian Camel (Camelus Bactrianus)." Species Profile for Bactrian Camel (Camelus Bactrianus). N.p., n.d. Web. 08 June 2015.